Transgenderism and Feminism Essay -- essays research papers

Judith Halberstam’s lecture focused on the issues regarding transgenderism/transsexualism, feminism/trans feminism (FTM), and the relationships between them. The lecture mainly addressed the necessity of trans feminism and reasons for its absence in the present queer and feminist communities. Trans feminism is necessary for all trans individuals. Leaving femininity behind creates a problem for FTMs. Growing up; they were subject to the same challenges that other young women faced. In fact, they most likely still do face obstacles on top of the challenges that come with not fitting in a â€Å"socially proper† category of gender. As Sandy Stone put in her essay, MTFs need feminism for the transition, to recognize the privileges that come with being born male and living as a man, that they don’t have now but had at some point in their lives. If they get rid of feminism, then their transition can be attributed to an inherent misogyny. Feminists also need to recognize that transgenderism/transsexualism and feminism are not necessarily odds. Feminism needs the inclusion and the support of all genders. Feminists need to have conversations with trans individuals in order to expand their movement. The necessary first step to take is to be inclusive, allow both transmen and transwomen be a part of all women’s events. Michigan Women’s Music Festival is the most mentioned event that this problem arises. The â€Å"womyn born womyn† requirement to attend the festival is bluntly another way of sa...

View the Environment: Professional Staff vs Management Staff

In a healthcare environment, the professional, front-line staff members such as doctors and nurses are those staff members who interact directly with customers or the public, rather than with members of the organization. The latter is more typical of management. Although collaboration between nurses and doctors can itself be a problem, this is less likely to prove problematic than the relationship between professional staff members and management staff (Zwarenstein, 2000) Professional staff members, because they have extensive interaction with customers or the public, will invariably have a more patient-focused rather than cost-focused orientation than hospital management staff. Also, in contrast to management, there are stronger time and resource pressures on the front-line environment in an immediate and personal way, than in a holistic and long-term fashion. Professional staff members are technically focused on doing the job for the day and helping patients, rather than helping the hospital-the pressures of patient health provide a more immediate focus. Unlike management, the professional members of the staff have received a considerable amount of structured training as part of their previous, pre-organizational hands-on healthcare education. The hospital organization is legally liable for the actions of front-line staff, should mistakes regarding patient health be made, nor organizational business ‘health'-health care staff are health care professionals, not business people. (Robertson, 2003) There is little team-based or project-based work in the front-line professional health care environment. Instead, the front-line typically performs the work specified by their profession and the needs of patients, reflecting any changes and initiatives implemented by management only when instructed. (Robertson, 2003) Cost of supplies, for example may be a greater concern for management than care for professional staff, and professionals may have less of a tolerance for bureaucracy and paper work, although certain concerns, such as time management may be shared by both.

Student Loans Over The United States - 1483 Words

College students across the nation suppress a shudder when the phrase is uttered. They try to push it to the back of their mind, to save the problem for another day. Sadly, it cannot be ignored forever. Student loans over the United States have been becoming more frequent and increasing in size for years. According to M. Swig, Hickey, and S. Swig, there are now 41 million Americans burdened with having to pay student loans back. While one may question if taking out a student loan in the thousands is worth it, one should consider today s society. To most people, college is the only option. Parents, families, and neighbors almost force it upon the young adults because they believe it’s the only way for them to be successful. Much of the nation views a higher education as the key component in an individual s future job, wealth, and therefore general happiness. It is almost to the point where not attending would be comparable to breaking a social norm. Another scary statistic is how the price of tuition has risen in the last decade. According to Johnson, Ostern, and White in The Student Debt Crisis, â€Å"in the past three decades, the cost of attaining a college degree has increased more than 1,000 percent.† This leaves many students in a conundrum. Unless a person is born into a wealthy family, they will not have the means to pay for any form of a higher education. This leaves many with the burden of taking out a student loan. There are many different types of loans available,Show MoreRelatedStudent Loan Debt Is A Negative Effect On The Future1349 Words   |  6 PagesAfter the United States ‘Great Recession’ in 2008, many onlookers have been searching for other aspects of the economy that may eventually present a bubble similar to that of the housing market. It does not take long to locate a potential hazard as the cost of tuition has risen approximately 26% over the course of the last decade (‘Tuition and Fees’). The co nsequence of this increased tuition is having a negative effect on the future that most graduates try to obtain once they complete school. SomeRead MoreThe Average Cost Of Tuition1684 Words   |  7 Pagesgraduates will pay their substantial student loans. While seventy percent of college students are forced to take out student loans there’s no question the majority of graduates will be paying for their education over a long period of their life. Student loan debt is also at an all time high in the United States, with a staggering $1.4 trillion dollars of debt solely for student loans. Current presidential candidates are campaigning to lower college tuition and student loan debt, while others are campaigningRead MoreStudent Debt Is A Form Of Debt1576 Words   |  7 PagesStudent debt is a form of debt that owed by an attending, withdrawn, or graduated student to a lending institution. The lending is often of a student loan, but debts will be owed to the school if the studen t has dropped classes and withdrawn from the school. Withdrawing from a school, especially if a low or no-income student has withdrawn with a failing grade could deprive the student of the ability of further attendance by disqualifying the student of necessary financial aid. Student loans alsoRead MoreStudent Loan Debt Of The United States1746 Words   |  7 Pagesto other countries, student loan debt in the United States is skyrocketing due to over-inflated tuition costs, dismal grant/scholarships availability and lack of beneficial repayment programs. Body Student loans are becoming an increasingly heavy burden for their borrowers in the United States. In a personal interview conducted on October 20th, 2015, a close personal friend, Cory Hays, and the sister of the author, Melissa Korpela, were interviewed regarding their student loan debts and status ofRead MoreStudent Loan Debt: Is it worth it?1364 Words   |  6 PagesStudent Loan Debt: Is it worth it?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Many high school students are beginning their senior year and have already started to stress about how they will pay for their higher education. Although many students will have scholarships and financial aid, a lot more will struggle to pay for schooling and will have to take out multiple student loans. Many people wonder if higher education is worth the debt the country and the students are in and it is, however, there are alternatives.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Read MoreEducation : A Way Of A Better Life?1615 Words   |  7 Pagesmost important thing to have in life is an education. The thing about getting an education is that it costs money, and one of the main ways to pay for a higher education in the United States is to take out student loans. Although student loans can be helpful in getting an education they can also be very burdening. Even as student debt is being seen as harmful to several individuals, there are people in the world that are benefitting from the acquiring of this unique type of debt. The sad reality thatRead MoreHow Student Loans Have Affected The Cost Of Tuition964 Words   |  4 Pagescollege student could attend a public four-year university for $2,500 and a private university for a little over $5,000. Although, most of these universities are offering the same mediocre education from the last three decades; the cost of tuition has more than tripled for public universities and for private universities, it has gone up a staggering 85%. Canada holds an average educational cost of 5,974 and England follows with an estimated average cost of 5,288. In spite the tuition in the United StatesRead MoreIs Forgiving Student Loan Debt A Good Idea?972 Words   |  4 PagesAnalysis of Is Forgiving Student Loan Debt a Good Idea Many people would love to have their student loans debt forgive but do not believe it will happen. So Kayla Webley decided to write an article about student loan forgiveness, at the time Webley wrote the article she was the education correspondent for Time magazine. Now she is currently a staff writer for the same magazine. In her article, she claims that the student loan dilemma that is facing a lot of Americans is a problem for your countryRead MoreFinancing For Loan And Debt Crisis1269 Words   |  6 Pagestrillion, and of that, student loans account for $1.08 trillion and that number is growing larger and larger every year (Hiltonsmith, Robert). A large portion of the population undoubtedly feels the burden of these statistics. Seven out of every ten college seniors has reported having to take out one or multiple student loans so that they can to afford to go to college (Hiltonsmith, Robert). The results of this outstanding amount of debt does not just affect the United Stat es negatively for the obviousRead MoreStudent Loan Crisis1592 Words   |  7 PagesStudent Loan Crisis Beginning in the 1960’s the distribution of federal and non-profit funds have given students all over the United States the opportunity to pursue post-secondary educations. Although this method has given students the ability to go to college financially, the majority of the students are not able to pay the money back when finished causing debt. Currently students in the United States owe more than $1 trillion dollars worth of federal and private student loans. Surprisingly this

Drugs and Abuse Essay - 3015 Words

Drugs and Abuse Abuse of drugs can have effects on the user even after the use of drugs has stopped. Different drugs produce different effects, depending on the user, type of drug, and severity of abuse. New research is done every day in the area of drug abuse that makes finding accurate results on the broad topic of drug abuse very difficult. From the most recent studies only can one find data that is presently accepted as correct. These numerous studies provide enough data to explain the effects of both legal and illegal drugs. To understand how drugs work, it is necessary to understand the changes that take place in different areas of the body when drugs take effect. Found in the brain are the synapses, the interaction point†¦show more content†¦The name for opium is derived from the Latin word Papaver somniferum. It is one of the oldest drugs known to mankind, presumably being used by the Sumerians around 4,000 BC to relieve pain and help induce sleep (Perrine, 1996). Thomas De Quincey, author of Confessions of an English Opium-Eater, was an admitted abuser of laudanum, to the point where he took about 20.8 grams a day. De Quincey felt that opium enhanced his mental powers, and felt that it was much better than alcohol in many regards (Perrine, 1996). This abuse in the long run, however, took its toll on De Quincey. After enough constant abuse of laudanum, opium in its freebased form, he was tortured by horrific dreams that kept him awake, causing him to eventually have to decrease the amount he used by 32 times his original daily usage. He was also never able to drop below this maintenance level of 250 drops a day or he suffered severe withdrawal symptoms (Perrine, 1996). This is onlyShow MoreRelatedDrug Abuse1279 Words   |  6 PagesThe use of and abuse of illegal and prescription drugs are a health, social, and law enforcement problem that is affecting Americans across the country. Drug abuse is destroying the lives of many teens and adults and is also destroying families in the United States. The use of drugs is a major problem in the United States among all Americans, but drug addiction is the main cause for America s troubled teens today. Exactly what is a drug? A drug is any chemical that produces a therapeutic or non-therapeuticRead MoreDrug Of Drug And Drug Abuse1538 Words   |  7 PagesDrug Resistance Drug use has become an increasing problem among high schoolers and teenagers around the same age. Ever since the drug war of the 1900s, drugs have been a major problem in today’s society. â€Å"Use of drugs such as opium, morphine, and other byproducts were common in twentieth century America† (Dobkin, 1998). While most students in standard high school drug education know about the use of coca leaves in Coca-Cola and the opium trade in China, drug addiction during the century is muchRead MoreDrug Abuse8640 Words   |  35 Pagesreport on ‘drug abuse’ has been made by our group to give an idea of the calamitous cause of using drugs in improper way. The report is intended to serve the purpose of providing the knowledge about drug abuse and to suggest ways to help limit drug abuse. An effort has been made on our part to include certain symptoms which indicate drug abuse. Also throughout the report, repetitive use of the drug abuse’ has been made to ins tate into the minds of the reader the cause of using drug abuse in an illicitRead MoreDrug Abuse2895 Words   |  12 PagesDay against Drug Abuse and Illicit Trafficking every year. It is an exercise undertaken by the world community to sensitize the people in general and the youth in particular, to the menace of drugs. The picture is grim if the world statistics on the drugs scenario is taken into account. With a turnover of around $500 billions, it is the third largest business in the world, next to petroleum and arms trade. About 190 million people all over the world consume one drug or the other. Drug addiction causesRead MoreDrug Abuse And Addiction : Drugs977 Words   |  4 PagesDrug abuse/addiction Jeremy Graham May 11, 2015 Period, 5 Drug abuse and addiction Drug abuse/addiction is a major problem in Indiana that affects many individual. Several solutions such as rehab and drug classes have been tried. Yet, the best solution is taking drug classes. Many people do not understand why people become addicted to drugs or how drugs change the brain to foster compulsive drug abuse. They mistakenly view drug abuse and addiction as strictly a socialRead MoreDrug Abuse And Substance Abuse1658 Words   |  7 PagesThe National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) defines drug abuse as, â€Å" It becomes drug abuse when people use illegal drugs or use legal drugs inappropriately.† This may include; the repeated uses of drugs to produce pleasure, alleviates stress, and/or alters or avoids reality. The perception of addiction and substance abuse has been widely known for many years, but the medical community has failed to accept and publicly this issue among it own members. Drug abuse by nurses is prevalent in today societyRead MoreDrug Abuse And Its Effects1391 Words   |  6 Pages1. Introduction: Drug abuse is a serious issue in today’s society. Drug abuse is a pattern of using a substance (drug) that leads to a serious problems or distress. 7% of people experience drug abuse one point of their lives. Drug use doesn’t automatically lead to drug abuse, it depends on how much you use. There is no specific level to were drug using moves from casual to becoming a serious problem. 2. Types of drugs/what are they: There are three main types of drugs that people use and theyRead MoreThe Problem Of Drug Abuse1331 Words   |  6 PagesBaltimore’s residents are addicted to the drug† (Yang, 2014). Graph one’s statistics represent the number of deaths caused by heroin in Baltimore, Maryland from January through June 2007-2014: (Maryland Department of Health and Mental Hygiene [Graph 1], 2014). As the graph above illustrates, drug abuse is a disease that is often overlooked and if untreated it could turn into a recreational activity for the people using them and eventually increase the number of drug enthusiasts throughout Baltimore. ManyRead MoreDrug Abuse and Prevention1510 Words   |  7 Pagesidea of prevention is to limit the availability of drugs (Hart Ksir, 2011, p. 400), but this is not essentially the best way. Addiction affects everyone. According to the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), substance abuse cost our nation â€Å"more than $484 billion dollars (T he National Institute on Drug Abuse ).† So although you might not be directly impacted by drug abuse, as a whole your tax dollars are spent on fighting the war on drugs. Currently there are several different types of substanceRead MoreInjectable Drug Abuse1488 Words   |  6 PagesMEMORANDUM INJECTABLE DRUG ABUSE: GROWING CHALLENGE IN NORTH-EASTERN PART OF INDIA FROM: AE28697 TO: Ministry of development of north east affairs, India RE: Scenario C-Health and harm reduction DATE: 19 October 2013 Introduction North-east (NE) India is connected to remaining part of India through a constricted passage known as Siliguri Corridor squeezed between Nepal and Bangladesh (Hussain, 2011). It comprises of seven sister states of Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland

Finding the Leader in You - 1009 Words

Assignment 1: Finding the Leader in You: Self-Assessment/ Johari Window The purpose of this paper to better understand Organizational Behavior and how I fit in the dynamic of it. Organizational Behavior is the study of human behavior in organizations (Schermerhorn, Jr., Osborn, Uhl-Bien, amp; Hunt, 2012). Organizations have been forced to adopt new strategies and try new processes to remain successful. If the companies do not keep up with the continuous evolvement, they will fall behind. With all of the changes taking place, it is very important for individuals to know their strengths and weaknesses to reach their goals. What better way to do so but to take self-assessments to help point out what we may not know. We may believe we†¦show more content†¦As a former teacher I was able to fulfill my characteristic traits of being an extrovert and staying adaptable to any situation. On a day to day basis managing over 100 students you never knew what was going to come at you. It was your responsibility to handle the situations in a mature but calm manner. As a marketing director I had to be a people person. I couldn’t be shy when having to go and spread the work and obtain donations for our non-profit agency. I had to be creative to come up with fundraisers that would catch the communities’ attention. I do believe assessments are a great asset. When starting out in my first interviews, I truly thought that they were a waste of time. With the growing pace of today’s companies it is very smart to understand the personalities of your employees and how they will fit in your company model. These assessments also give you the opportunity to understand exactly what it is we would need to work on personally to be needed by the company we are applying for. If we open our minds to being honest with the answers to gain real results, the test can be very beneficial. The assessment that I enjoyed the most was the Johari Window. It gave an opportunity to see just how others viewed me as a person. It was easy to understand and gave various points of views. References Armstrong, T. R. (2006, Summer). Revisiting the Johari Window: ImprovingShow MoreRelatedFinding the Leader in You Essay937 Words   |  4 PagesFinding the Leader in You: Self-Assessment/Johari Window BUS520/Leadership and Organizational Behavior April 21, 2013 In today’s society, the expectations of companies are to improve business resources. The objective is to develop business practices and increase productivity. Organizational Behavior is the ways in which people behave, individually and collectively, when working together in organizationRead MoreThe Benefits Of Leadership Development770 Words   |  4 Pagesbenefit if they can develop leaders. This paper was written by Mike Voight who is an associate professor focusing on leadership in sports at the University Central Connecticut University. Mike Voight has written several other articles focusing on how personnel team leadership matters. Purpose of the Study The purpose of this study is very simple. Does one benefit themselves and their team’s success if they develop leaders and if it does then how do we develop leaders? Before they even look at theRead MoreWomen s Leadership For Women1410 Words   |  6 PagesWomen leaders We have great leader especially are women leaders. They empower other people and embrace each other in a loving kind of way . The are some good leaders.There is also some bad, but the good outways the bad. It’s importance of women leaders . I think we have been wrong to some women just because they are women. Women should have the same rights as men do. This is coming from a man, so women aren’t they only ones wanting rights for each other. The good leaders out there in the world areRead MoreThe Problem With The Right Path1210 Words   |  5 Pagesthan having a well-defined problem needing solution†, a comment and now one of my favorite quotes coming from a Statistician named Roy W. Haas, Ph.D. (Alder, 2013, para. 9). As our business industry continues to grow within our country and globally, finding the right job, the right employee, the right path is something that many Americans are looking for. Breaking down the job field into four different categories across the board, then trying to separate the best roles for people in their job is somethingRead MoreWomen s Leadership For Women1408 Words   |  6 PagesWe have great leader especially are women leaders. They empower other people and embrace each other in a loving kind of way . The are some good leaders.There is also some bad, but the good outways the bad. It’s importance of women leaders . I think we have been wrong to some women just because they are women. Women should have the same rights as men do. This is coming from a man, so women aren’t they only ones wanting rights for each other. The good leaders out there in the world are trying to makingRead MoreWomen s Leadership For Women1411 Words   |  6 PagesWe have great leader, especially are women leaders. They empower other people and embrace each other in a loving kind of way . The are some good leaders.There is also some bad, but the good outways the bad. It’s importance of women leaders . I think we hav e been wrong to some women just because they are women. Women should have the same rights as men do. This is coming from a man, so women aren’t they only ones wanting rights for each other. The good leaders out there in the world are trying to makeRead MoreWe Need A New Backpack1150 Words   |  5 Pagesthe reality of homelessness and/or living in homes that do not have certain necessities, such as toothbrushes, deodorant, or even snacks. However, there is a way these problems can be minimized. A way to make lives for these teens more bearable. Finding teens who need these necessities and providing them with a backpack full of these items, just might be the answer. Filling backpacks with healthy snacks and products that promote better hygiene will help. These teens need what they may not receiveRead MoreLeadership As Influencing A Person Or Group Of People964 Words   |  4 Pagesthe ability to step outside your comfort zone and set a good example for those who surround y ou. It is taking the initiative, and finding what you are passionate about to help change something. Throughout this this semester we worked on becoming a better leader. What is means to be an effective leader and how to grow or posses the skills it takes. With learning what a leader is, we learned that every leader is different in their leadership. There were numerous assignments that we completed thisRead MoreMaking A Outreach Program Happen Essay986 Words   |  4 Pagesmore bearable. Finding teens who need these necessities and providing them with a backpack full of these items, just might be the answer. Filling backpacks with healthy snacks and products that promote better hygiene will help. These teens need what they may not receive at home. Supplies to help them take care of their bodies and food to keep them alive and healthy. These bags will be given out once a month and will help teens lives. Getting this outreach into the community, and finding teens who needRead MoreBenefits Of Multi Method And Longitudinal Methods1542 Words   |  7 Pagesapproach was used in the research, the data was based on the interviewees’ and observer’s subjective social construction. It helps to understand interviewees’ experience in specific situation, however, it needs caution when interpreting the findings and generalizing findings. Observations were employed at the beginning of data collection. Because of limited time and quantity, it is treated as supplementation of interviews and provides limited information. Semi-structure interviews as major data collection

State or Territory and Federal Level †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the State or Territory and Federal Level. Answer: Introduction: The Australian legal system is largely derived from the English law, particularly its common law branch, owing to the history of Australia. There are two key sources of law under the Australian legal system, which includes the statutory law and the common law. The statutory law is further created at two levels, i.e. the state or territory level, and the federal level (Carvan, 2015). The statutory laws are created through the act of parliament, and even changed through the process drafted, which includes changes, modifications, amendments, repealing of old provisions or adding new provisions based on changed times and changed needs. The common law has its roots in the English law, where the precedents and common law principles set the rules (Hinchy, 2015). It is crucial for the businesses which are conducted in the nation, to have a good knowledge about the Australian legal system, particularly about the manner in which the laws are created or changed. This is because it allows the businesses to conduct their operations in a smooth manner, due to awareness of applicability of pertinent laws. An equally important discussion in this context is the choice of legal structure, which is the theme of this discussion. As has been touched upon in the introductory segment, the businesses have to keep a good lookout on the manner in which laws are applied in the nation and how they created. This helps in understanding the theme or the spirit of law, which is as important to be followed, as is the letter of the law. Detailed steps are undertaken before a bill is created and the same becomes an act of the parliament (Connolly, 2017). Not only the businesses have to look at the way law is created, they need to gain an understanding on the manner in which the legal entities are created. This understanding depends on the type of business structure which the legal entity adopts, to undertake their business activities. This is because each business structure is created in a varied manner, where some follow stringent legal processes, and the others can be followed by following negligible legal requirements (Latimer, 2012). The different types of business structures and how they differ from each other, along with their advantages and disadvantages have been detailed in the ensuing paragraphs. There are predominantly four different business structures in Australia, and these are sole trader, partnership, company and trust. When it comes to businesses, trust is not given as much preference as it is given in the family business settings, owing to the features of the ability of transferring the beneficial interest (Bryan, Vann Thomas, 2017). The setting up of any trust can be a very expensive thing as it requires drafting of a formal deed, which covers the detail on the manner in which the trust would operate. This deed has to be carefully drafted as it is the key source of liabilities being raised, where there is ambiguity in terms of the trust deed. The operation of the trust is in hands of the trustee and the profits go to the beneficiaries (Australian Taxation Office, 2018). The trusts are not the focus of this study and the focus is laid on the remaining three forms in context of the theme of this discussion. The simplest and easiest manner of undertaking business in the nation is a sole trader business form. In this business structure, a single person runs the entire business and it is usually undertaken at a small level. This business structure has the freedom of running operations as pleases the sole trader, and the regulatory requirements are next to none (Cox, 2012). The sole trader has the entire responsibilities of the business and this includes the liabilities, debts and losses of the business as these cannot be shared in this business structure, with others. The business can be started simply by starting it and is deemed as the most inexpensive business structure. A key advantage of this business structure is that the assets of the business are that of the sole trader and that are minimal reporting requirements, along with it being a low cost business structure. The sole trader can file the tax returns with their personal returns sing the Tax File Number. Again, the affairs of th e business are personal/ private (Caldwell, 2014). Apart from the plethora of advantages put forward by this business structure, there are certain disadvantages also. The biggest is the unlimited liability, which means that in the event where the business fails and is unable to pay off its debts, the person assets of the owner of sole trader can be attached to pay off the debts. Though, the losses of the business can be set off against income earned from it, e.g. investment income or wages, subjected to certain conditions (Christensen Duncan, 2009). A common bank account of the business and individual can also be maintained, provided the last five years financial records are properly maintained. There is also the option of employing people. Yet, due to the small scale of sole trader, it is not successful where the business is to be run on big scale. Also, there is the restriction of raising funds from traditional sources, as against the mode of raising funds from public (Gibson Fraser, 2014). Another business form in Australia is partnership. A partnership is the business which is run in a common manner by two or more individuals with a view of earning profits in a mutual manner. The partnerships too can be formed in an easy manner by two or more people coming together and starting a business, provided they run the business for a common purpose and in a mutual manner. As against sole trader however, the partnership is a little more formal business structure and regulatory norms apply on it. Every jurisdiction in Australia has its own partnership act (Fletcher, 2017). For instance, in Victoria, there is the applicability of the Partnership Act, 1958 (Vic). The definition of partnership is given under section 5 of this act, where the individuals carrying business in common manner and for earning profits. Under sections 6 of this act, the rules have been given for determining the presence of partnership (Victoria Legislation, 2018). Even though the partnership is generally r egulated through a partnership deed, which is a written contract denoting the presence and terms of the partnership, it is not deemed as a compulsory document to be drafted for presence of partnership. As is the case of sole trader, there are a number of advantages and disadvantages of a partnership. The advantages include the low start up costs and the ease of establishing business. There is more availability of capital in the business under this form as compared to the sole trader and also the skill pool is wider. The business decisions can be carefully undertaken after each partner puts the understanding to the decision, which helps in identifying the issues, which a single person may not think about in general. There is also a higher borrowing capacity and the high calibre or high skilled employees can easily be made the partners. The profits and losses of the partnership are shared equally between the partners, unless the partnership deed provides otherwise. In order to gain tax savings, there is also the opportunity of splitting the income. Again, the business affairs of the partners remain private and there is also the limited external regulation on partnerships (Vickery Fl ood, 2012). The disadvantages of partnership often make the choice of going for this business structure, an unfavourable option. The partners are severally and jointly liable for the debts of the partnership; this means that every partner is accountable for their share of debts of partnership, along with being accountable for the debts of the partnership. A major problem is the risk of disagreement or possible friction in between thee partners or the management, which could result in the dissolution of the partnership firm. The applicability of agency law on partnership makes every partner being liable for the acts of the other partners, as each partner is deemed as the agent of partnership. Lastly, with the addition or subtraction of each partner, there is a need of valuing the partnership again, which can often prove to be a costly affair (Tasmania Government, 2018a). The last and possibly the most common more of running business in Australia is a corporation form of business structure. A company is deemed as a separate legal person and as a result of this, it is considered as separate from the ones who run the affairs or the day to day activities of the companies. In Australia, Corporations Act, 2001 (Cth) applies on all the companies and this legislation has to be strictly followed. Apart from this act, there are a number of other legislations, depending upon the type and industry in which the business is conducted, which have to be followed, in addition to the directives and guidelines of the regulatory bodies, and the supporting rules and regulations of such legislations. As against partnership, having a single core legislation helps the business as they do not have to keep a check on which legislation would apply in which jurisdiction. However, in comparison to both sole trader and partnership, the legal and regulatory compliance under compan y form of business structure are very lengthy, making the running of company as a costly affair (Cassidy, 2006). As against sole trader and partnership, there is limited liability of the owners or the shareholders of the companies. In the event of winding up of a company, the shareholders can only be made liable for such sum, which is unpaid on their shares and their personal assets are thus safe and secure. There is also the option of raising funds from the public under the public companies; and even the proprietary companies can raise funds by issuing shares to the friends and families (Bottomley, Hall, Spender Nosworthy, 2017). The company form of business structure has skilled and specialized person who run the business of the company for the shareholders of the company. This maximizes the skill pool and the efficiency of the business, as the business is not run by the owners, instead it is run by others for them. There is also the ease of transferring the ownership of business, where the same can be undertaken by merely transferring the shares of company to another person (Tasmania Govern ment, 2018b). The key disadvantages of company form of business structure includes the complexity in running business, in terms of high compliance requirements and the need for catering to the needs of different stakeholder groups. Different duties are imposed on the directors, key officers and employees of the company through the Corporations Act, 2001, which can result in both civil and criminal liabilities, where these are not complied with. Also, as against the earlier two systems, the affairs of the company, particularly its financial affairs are public. Lastly, the process of forming, maintaining and winding up of a company is very detailed, complex and expensive in comparison to the other two forms. Conclusion Thus, to bring this discussion to its conclusion, there are predominantly four different business structures in Australia and the aforementioned parts covered details of three of these in terms of sole trader, partnership and company. Each of these structures is different from the other, and caters to the needs of different set of people. So, the choice of business structure to conduct business in Australia would depend upon the requirements, for instance, for establishing a small business by one person, sole trader is favourable, for doing the same with two or more people, partnership is favourable, and where different individuals want to establish a big business, a company form of business structure is favourable. As the Australian legal system brings forth different rules and regulations which encompass the workings, operations and even the formation of businesses, there is a need to properly consider the aforementioned points and follow the regulations as have been drafted. Befor e starting or choosing any business structure, it is important to consider the aforementioned advantages and disadvantages. All in all, the discussion highlighted the various aspects of the different business structures to provide a comprehensive comparison of these. References Australian Taxation Office. (2018). Trust. Retrieved from: https://www.ato.gov.au/Business/Starting-your-own-business/Before-you-get-started/Choosing-your-business-structure/trust/ Bottomley, S., Hall, K., Spender, P., Nosworthy, B. (2017).Contemporary Australian Corporate Law. Victoria: Cambridge University Press. Bryan, M., Vann, V., Thomas, S. B. (2017).Equity and trusts in Australia. Victoria: Cambridge University Press. Caldwell, R. (2014) Taxation for Australian Businesses: Understanding Australian Business Taxation Concessions. West Sussex: John Wiley Sons. Carvan, J. (2015). Understanding the Australian Legal System. Sydney, Australia:Thomson Reuters (Professional) Australia Limited. Cassidy, J. (2006). Concise Corporations Law (5th ed.). NSW: The Federation Press. Christensen, S. A., Duncan, W. D. (2009).Sale of Businesses in Australia. Annandale, NSW: Federation Press. Connolly, A.J. (2017). The Foundations of Australian Public Law. Victoria: Cambridge University Press. Cox, J. (2012). Business Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Fletcher, K. L. (2007).The Law of Partnership in Australia (9th ed.). New South Wales: Lawbook Company. Gibson, A., Fraser, D. (2014). Business Law 2014 (8th ed.). Melbourne: Pearson Education Australia. Hinchy, R. (2015).The Australian legal system: History, institutions and method (2nd ed.).Sydney, Australia: Thomson Reuters. Tasmania Government. (2018a). Partnership advantages and disadvantages. Retrieved from: https://www.business.tas.gov.au/starting-a-business/choosing-a-business-structure-intro/partnership-advantages-and-disadvantages Tasmania Government. (2018b). Company - advantages and disadvantages. Retrieved from: https://www.business.tas.gov.au/starting-a-business/choosing-a-business-structure-intro/proprietary-company-advantages-and-disadvantages Vickery, R., Flood, M. (2012). Australian business law: compliance and practice. Melbourne: Pearson Australia. Victoria Legislation. (2018). Partnership Act 1958. Retrieved from: https://www.legislation.vic.gov.au/Domino/Web_Notes/LDMS/LTObject_Store/LTObjSt3.nsf/DDE300B846EED9C7CA257616000A3571/01B21B47459FCCB8CA25776100293447/$FILE/58-6330a051.pdf

Analysis of Investment Proposition on Cochlear Limited

Question: Discuss about theAnalysis of Investment Proposition on Cochlear Limited. Answer: Introduction Cochlear Limited is a biotechnology-based company with listings in the Australian Securities Exchange and global operations in all five continents. CEO Chris Smith heads the company with its board of directors headed by Chairman Rick Holiday-Smith (Cochlear.com. 2016). Cochlear Limited provides hearing solutions through its implantable surgical and non-surgical hearing products. The company has extensive sets of patents and applications numbering over 1000 upon hearing aid and sound processing technology. The companys major manufacturing base is located in Australia and Sweden while supplies and distribution chains in over 100 countries with its headquarters located in Sydney (Cochlear.com. 2016). The companys global operations are mainly segmented onto three different sets of geographical areas comprising of Europe, Middle East and Africa (EMEA), Americas (both North America and Latin America) and Asia Pacific. The company generated a revenue of A$ 925 million for the financial peri od ended 31.12.2016 (Markets.ft.com. 2016). Product Line of Cochlear: The company provides solutions ranging from minimal degree of hearing constraints to sensory-neural hearing loss. Its primary products comprises of cochlear implants, bone conduction implants and acoustic implant solutions. In terms of its products that are to be surgically implanted, Nuclear 6 is of primary significance owing to its ability to restore hear-ability in cases of complete hearing loss in both ears. The Cochlear Hybrid offered by the company provides hearing solutions for people unable to hear high frequency sounds through providing simulations using electronic synapses. The Hybrid processor offered by Cochlear assimilates and synthesizes external sounds and converts them into electrical and acoustics outputs for the patients ears. The company develops the Cochlear Baha by taking into account people with high quantum of conductive hearing loss and one-sided deafness. Baha comprises of titanium hearing aids that are implanted surgically at the back of patients ears (Bloom berg.com. 2016). Financial Analysis and Forecasts: In terms of revenue generation, the company has displayed steady growth over the past four financial periods with reported revenues of A$ 752.72 million for 2012-13, A$ 804.94 million for 2013-14, A$ 925.63 million for 2014-15 (Markets.ft.com. 2016).The revenues for the period 2015-16 was to the tune of A$ 1.13 billion. The revenues generated in the current year displayed a increase of 22.14% over the past year, thereby highlighting efficient sales management and product pricing strategy. The forecasted revenues for the years 2017 and 2018 stands at 1.244 billion and 1.37 billion respectively at the average growth rate of 10.17%. Figure 1: Current and Prospective Revenues of Cochlear Limited (Source: Markets.ft.com. 2016) The beta of a particular stock showcases the degree of volatility that the stock experiences as compared to prevalent market volatility. A beta that equals 1 displays same degree of risks as experienced by the market whereas a beta that is lower that 1 shows lesser degree of volatility and therefore is less susceptible to financial risks. On the other hand, a beta that is above 1 shows a high degree of volatility coupled with high prospects of returns. Figure 2: Stock price volatility between June 2016 and October 2016 (Source: Bloomberg.com. 2016) Cochlear limited has a beta of 1.2, which specifies the fact that in case the financial markets raises by a margin of 100, the stocks of Cochlear will rise by 120. This also reiterates the fact that a fall in the market by margin of 100 will result in shares of Cochlear falling by 120 points. For investors that are seeking to earn high degree of returns, Cochlear presents prospective investments. Whereas in case of risk averse investors, including Cochlear in their investment portfolio may result in increasing the levels of portfolio risk The company has a market capitalization of A$ 7.234 billion as of October, 2016 with the total number of shares outstanding at 57.42 million. The company has an Altman Z Score of 2.989, thereby leading to an inference that the company is unlikely to be filing for bankruptcy in the near future based upon financial metrics. It is because an Altman score of 1.8 is considered the threshold below which the probability of filing for bankruptcy increases substantially. Whereas, on the other hand, a corporate entity with Z score of 3 or above has low or negligible probability of going bankrupt or filing for insolvency. Therefore, based on the parameters as regards to credit risks it can be construed that the company is likely to display satisfactory levels of solvency during the financial periods. Dividend yield is considered another parameter for taking investment decisions because of the fact that it displays whether the stocks of a particular company are overpriced or not. Hirshleifer, Hsu and Li (2013) mentions that stocks with high dividend yields are overpriced as compared to those having a low degree of dividend yields. Risk averse investors seek investments with low dividend yield thereby at a dividend yield of 1.8% it can be inferred that the stocks of Cochlear are underpriced. However, at dividend of A$ 1.2 for each outstanding share it can be displayed that for investors seeking returns from their investment in Cochlear, the companys stocks are not an attractive proposition. Conclusion and Recommendations: The analysis upon the revenue generating capability of Cochlear Limited shows that at average revenue growth of over 10% the company has efficient operations and sales management. The genre of providing hearing aid solutions has lesser degree of competition for Cochlear globally. The Altman Z score of nearly 3 shows the fact that the company has virtually negligible risks of going bankrupt. Thereby, investors can be advised towards including shares of Cochlear onto their investment portfolio based upon their degree of solvency. Moreover, analysis of the stocks beta, belonging to Cochlear, shows that the beta stands at 1.2 which therefore displays the fact that the companys stocks are subjected to high degree of volatility. Based solely on the beta levels it can be construed that the stocks posses high degree of risks with probability of gaining high degree of returns. Overall, judging by the different sets of parameters it can be concluded that in case of investors seeking lesser degree of risks in their investments Cochlear can be construed as a attractive investment proposition. This is owing to high revenue growth, satisfactory levels of dividend yield and sustainable degree of returns despite a beta of above 1. References and Bibliography: Allen, E.J., Larson, C.R. and Sloan, R.G., 2013. Accrual reversals, earnings and stock returns.Journal of Accounting and Economics,56(1), pp.113-129. Bloomberg.com. (2016). COH:ASE Stock Quote - Cochlear Ltd. [online] Available at: https://www.bloomberg.com/quote/COH:AU [Accessed 31 Oct. 2016]. Cochlear.com. (2016). Cochlear Hearing Implants | Official Website | Cochlear International. [online] Available at: https://www.cochlear.com/wps/wcm/connect/intl/home [Accessed 31 Oct. 2016]. Fama, E.F. and French, K.R., 2012. Size, value, and momentum in international stock returns.Journal of financial economics,105(3), pp.457-472. Google.ca. (2016). Cochlear Limited: ASX:COH quotes news Google Finance. [online] Available at: https://www.google.ca/finance?cid=671051 [Accessed 31 Oct. 2016]. Hirshleifer, D., Hsu, P.H. and Li, D., 2013. Innovative efficiency and stock returns.Journal of Financial Economics,107(3), pp.632-654. Intelligent Investor. (2016). COH. [online] Available at: https://www.intelligentinvestor.com.au/company/Cochlear-Limited-COH-249441 [Accessed 31 Oct. 2016]. Markets.ft.com. (2016). Cochlear Ltd, COH:ASX summary - FT.com. [online] Available at: https://markets.ft.com/data/equities/tearsheet/summary?s=COH:ASX [Accessed 31 Oct. 2016]. Sorescu, A. and Sorescu, S.M., 2016. Customer Satisfaction and Long-Term Stock Returns.Journal of Marketing,80(5), pp.110-115.